Habits and Traits of Cockroaches, the Order Blattodea

The order Blattodea includes the cockroaches, insects unfairly reviled the world over. Though some are pests, most cockroach species fill important ecological roles as scavengers that clean up organic waste. The order name comes from blatta, which is Latin for cockroach. Description Cockroaches are ancient insects. Theyve remained almost unchanged for over 200 million years. Roaches run fast on legs adapted for speed, and with 5-segmented tarsi. Cockroaches can also accelerate and turn quickly. Most are nocturnal and spend their days resting deep within tight-fitting cracks or crevices. Roaches have flat, oval bodies, and with a few exceptions are winged. When viewed dorsally, their heads are concealed behind a large pronotum. They have long, slender antennae, and segmented cerci. Cockroaches use chewing mouthparts to scavenge on organic materials. Members of the order Blattodea undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis, with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. Females encase their eggs in a capsule called an ootheca. Depending on the species, she may place the ootheca in a crevice or other protected place, or carry it with her. Some female cockroaches carry the ootheca internally. Habitat and Distribution Most of the 4,000 species of cockroaches inhabit moist, tropical environments. As a group, however, cockroaches have a wide distribution, from desert to arctic environments. Major Families in the Order Blattidae: Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae: German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae: desert cockroachesBlaberidae: giant cockroaches Cockroaches of Interest The Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae) can stridulate, an unusual skill for a roach. It also gives off an offensive odor when threatened.The tiny Attaphila fungicola cockroach inhabits an ecological niche – the nests of leaf-cutting ants.Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Grophadorhina portentosa) force air through their spiracles to produce a hissing sound. Theyre a popular pet insect.The giant cave cockroach, Blaberus giganteus, feeds on bat guano among other things.

Analysis Grit And Mindset - 1329 Words

Kiara Edwards Ms Milliner EES21QH-04 January 17,2017 Grit and mindset are put under the same category which is positivity.Grit is for one that has more determination than another,they are relentless with the things they do and put in the effort,for example,Winkler states Gritty individuals are tortoise like,distinguished by their propensity to maintain â€Å"effort and interest over years despite failure adversity and plateaus in progress.†(Paragraph 4) This quote implies to the definition of grit that a person who is full of grit will try their best to prosper at their goals.Mindset can be very similar in many ways but only in fixation,mindset is when a person is fixed on a particular goal that is set in their mind as a path to†¦show more content†¦The fixation about being gritty is to be relentless of such things as effort.It also takes persistance.In Shakspears Othello,each character has either grooth mindset,fixed mindset or show grit within the play..The play circles the love between the two othello who is a moor and desdemona who is a venetian .In order to break them up the people who surround them go to drastic measures to break them apart.One Character that shows a growth mindset at one point thorugh out the book was cassio.He shows a growth mindset by when getting fired from his job he was able to reevaluate himself and not mope about it he was able to ask for the help of desdemona the person he felt the most closes to.A growth mindset proves that instead of setting yourself up for failure you have the potential to get back on your feet,this is felt to pertain to cassios character because he shows persistency within the story. Another character that shows an example of mindset is brabantio,he shows a fixed mindset when it isShow MoreRelatedThe Case For Gritty, Growing Students1374 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing Students The questions of learning and intelligence have long been debated since education has ever existed. That learning leads directly to intelligence is an assumption which has not been subject to adequate scrutiny. Typically, a fixed mindset believes that an intelligent student is one who invests less of almost about everything to not only succeed but also to achieve outstanding results. That is, by studying less an intelligent student is expected to know about study subjects enoughRead MoreFood As A Racial Identifier In Invisible Man. For Many1187 Words   |  5 Pagesattempts to order foods that are not from his traditional background: poor, black, and southern. One scholar and professor named Dr. Beth A. Latshaw is credited with the following analysis from her article, Food for Thought: Race, Region, Identity, and Foodways in the American South; â€Å"In this sense, foods such as greens and grits are not necessarily connected to a communal southern identity, but to an enduring African American identity, serving as a reflection not only of the stamina, survival, and inventivenessRead MoreThe Making Of A World Class Athlete1149 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor in the success of any world-class athlete. Supporting this idea of genetic predisposition as playing a key role is a study by Jordan Charles. Reviewing the physical traits of sprinters and swimmers through the lens of animal locomotion, the analysis of historic and modern speed records he presents indicates a trend toward taller, heavier athletes beating out smaller ones in speed competitions (2423). This conforms to the principles of animal scaling laws, a study of which concluded that â€Å"theRead MoreIs Impostor Syndrome A Disease Or Mental Disorder?1611 Words   |  7 Pageslives, you do not have to be perfect. To start something of high value, you do not have to be perfect. c. Avoid attributing your success to external factors like luck or a helping hand. Focus on your internal factors that lead to your success, like grit, talent and brains. Focus on the things that you can control like your technique, reasoning and emotions. d. Learn to accept compliments from your peers and mentors. Know your worth and feel comfortable genuinely accepting credit for your efforts.Read MoreUsing Too Much Passive Language Like1908 Words   |  8 Pagesalso have a 12 line long sentence...and I think you meant to say suing instead of sewing. Please add commas to Along with focusing on their work more they may have an increase in grit and several other sentences (with out going comma-crazy, of course). LOVE the explaination on how increased security improves grit, however. Also, your citations are written incorrectly and too, lower your credility. It improves slight, however, when you say According to Ken Robinson but could be improved A LOTRead MoreThe Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us By Daniel H. Pink1847 Words   |  8 Pagesevolution of motivation and discusses the concepts of autonomy, mastery, and purpose in an effort to elucidate the emerging individual whose motivation and inspiration are derived from withi n. This review of Pink’s text will provide a text overview and analysis of its primary themes and postulations, followed by a reflection on which ideas and concepts resonate on a personal level, and how those ideas can be effectively implemented moving forward. At the onset of the book, Pink delves into the historyRead MoreBook Review : Good Boss, Bad Boss: How to Be the Best†¦and Learn from the Worst3404 Words   |  14 Pagesappeal to our fair logic. Hence we are stressing more on the contents of the book in this book review which will serve as a strong platform to the appreciation of the book that we have towards the end. Chapter 1 - Setting the Stage –The Right Mindset In a strong stage-setting chapter Dr. Sutton states clearly why bosses matter to the establishment of a healthy and productive workplace. Bosses matter because most employees have bosses, are bosses or play both. There are an estimated 21 millionRead MoreGenre Of The Mind And Behavior1835 Words   |  8 PagesGenre Analysis Option A: How information differs in Research Articles and Web Articles in the field of Psychology. Psychology in a general broad definition represents the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It is also a multifaceted discipline that includes many sub-fields of study ranging from human development to social-cognitive processes. One major way that Psychology studies the mind and behavior is through the use of experimental research in which experiments, correlation studiesRead MoreUniversal Equality Of Educational Opportunity2430 Words   |  10 Pagesingrained in citizens’ mindsets, the inception of Brown II was left to corrode from resistive forces. The influences opposing true desegregation caused the educational system to morph incredibly unnaturally to favor the majority, whites. Because of this, the images of Pearl Cohn and Hume Fogg can be better understood. In order to comprehend just how this legislation is directly causative of the scenery of the schools, this paper will converge Ogletree’s historical analysis of Brown vs. Board discussedRead MoreBlac k Hearts Essays3118 Words   |  13 PagesEric Hong [Email address] Eric Hong [Email address] Blackhearts Leadership Analysis By Eric Hong Blackhearts Leadership Analysis By Eric Hong Leadership, according to the Army doctrine, represents individuals’ ability to influence people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization (â€Å"Leadership† FM 6-22). However, the varying characteristics of individuals that the Army attracts may instill this doctrine in many

Deadly Feasts Free Essays

Erica Dunyon Directed Readings Deadly Feasts by Richard Rhodes I have to admit, on the opening scene I was really skeptical about reading this book. I really have always hated the idea of cannibalism, so when I was reading and imagining this, in my mind one word came to my attention, â€Å"Disgusting! † Progression into the book, however, received my attention, and I continued forward. I enjoyed reading this book. We will write a custom essay sample on Deadly Feasts or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was very informative, easy to understand, and easy to read. I learned about various prion diseases and their effect on each species they infect. Deadly Feasts is about spongiform encephalopathies including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapies, Rida, Kuru, and mad cow disease. This book explains the relationships each spongiform disease has in common with each other, as well as their signs and symptoms. Mad cow disease and scrapies are quite similar to each other, and was endemic in Britain when this book was published. Another rare disease occurring in humans known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has then been related to mad cow disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is one in which eats human brains. Kuru is thought to be another spongiform disease. Kuru was thought to be a result of sorcery. Initially when this disease was discovered, the belief was leaning toward this disease taking on a genetically transmissible role. After much research, it is known that it is a transmissible disease spread by the consumption of infected flesh. The extremely unusual thing about kuru, along with other spongiform encephalopathies, is that it lacks the presence of inflammation. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are also known as prion diseases. The infectious microbe in TSEs is a specific protein called prion protein. These prion proteins and proteins of the brain are extremely similar. This may be the reason these proteins are not detected by the immune system which is why they do not cause inflammation. These diseases are unique because they are impossible to kill. They have been exposed to virtually everything including, extreme temperatures and radiation, and still have the ability to infect and cause disease. Gajdusek believed that transmission of these spongiform encephalopathies was in the form of protein in diseased dead animals, including sheep and cattle that were fed to other cattle. Rhodes refers to a concept known as industrial cannibalism. This means that the supplements were made from dead cows. Despite the fact that cattle were coming down with a disease that decreases the cow population, supplements were still made with the remaining’s of diseased cattle and fed to other cattle. Transmission of this disease can occur months or even up to decades because the disease can incubate for the allotted time. Britain was responsible for the initiation of research in this epidemic group of diseases. Britain did not inform the public in regards to this disease. They also bought diseased animals for half of the market value. The British government banned individuals from feeding animal waste to other animals, in 1989 to limit the spread of these diseases. In addition to limitting the transmission of these diseases, as a safety measure, the FDA prevented industries from feeding cattle protein from dead sheep, cattle, and other susceptible diseased animals. Europe still has increasing cases of the disease, which it infects many various herds and species of animals, supporting that the epidemic disease is able to spread across the species barrier The British government, by making the wrong public health choices, has conducted a frightening natural experiment, allowing a lethal disease agent to spread through the human food supply, exposing the entire British population. † (Rhodes 97) America is trying to prevent the spread of spongiform disease transmission from Britain to the U. S. by manufacturing our own beef and meat products. Unfortu nately, it would not be known if the disease has affected our population until it is a point when it might be too late. TSE’s are essentially unidentifiable until they progress to the point of brain damage. † (Rhodes 97) Spongiform diseases are still a known problem in the world, and the protection we give ourselves, or lack of protection is an issue brought up by Rhodes. Rhodes refers that spongiform diseases might be Britain’s †new Black Death. † He states that the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are public health problems and not only clinical. Transmission is controlled by actions of both social and institutional aspects. The term the â€Å"new Black Death† refers to the ease of the transmission of the disease. If the plan for eradication is not carefully planned and executed, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can be a serious epidemically known disease that can cause many deaths. In conclusion, I recommend Deadly Feasts to all individuals, not necessarily limited to only those interested in microbiology. This book gives insight on a former, and always possible, group of diseases that can become epidemic at any time. I believe knowledge is power, so knowing about these diseases only contributes to public safety. How to cite Deadly Feasts, Papers

Bradford Assay free essay sample

Bradford Protein Assay Practical Report 1. Present your data (including raw data and calculated concentrations) for the protein standards in the form of a clear table. Give one example of how you calculated protein concentration. Do not forget a descriptive title and units (4marks) Title either too long or not descriptive or absent Your results are in duplicate shouldn’t be referred to as ‘set1 set2’ or ‘original’ and ‘duplicate’ Many of you think units of absorbance are nm but A has arbitrary (ie no) units. nm indicates the ax of the chromophore Failure to give correct units in legends eg (ml) or (? g/ml) 2. Plot a graph of absorbance against protein concentration by hand. The graph should have an appropriate title and clearly labelled axes. Staple graph to the completed proforma and the Life Sciences submission sheet (4 marks) Mainly ok but both duplicate Abs- blank should be plotted and one line of best fit drawn through points. Do not extrapolate beyond the highest standard, you have no evidence that Beer-Lambert’s Law applies at high A. Make sure you choose appropriate scale and use full scale deflection on A4 graph paper. These types of graph are standard curves and that term should be in the title, remember we are not directly measuring the absorbance of protein, but a chromophore derived from the protein. 3. Present your data for unknown samples (including raw data and calculated concentrations of X Y) in the form of a clear table. Do not forget title and units. (4 marks) All data should be in one table but pay attention to typesetting and make sure that words/numbers are not split between 2 lines, this will lose marks. Absorbance of blank must be subtracted from values for unknown as they also contain non-specific absorbance. Many of you wrote dilutions incorrectly eg 1:2. The symbol : means ratio ? this actually means 1in 3. Either write as 1in 2 or 1:1 Never average absorbance-it’s not good practise (except for blank) you should convert to analyte then average your final results. Most dilute samples have least absorbance, many of you muddled your dilutions making final values incorrect. Always double-check arithmetic. If the final answer for the different dilutions don’t agree, look at your results and ask yourself if they seem right. Remember there is only one right answer for each unknown . Explain briefly each step of your calculations to find the protein concentration of X and Y, underlining your final answers. Convert to mg/ml. (6 marks) No need to explain how to read values from the std curve. Explain which absorbance values you read from the graph, what (if any) dilution factor you multiplied that value by, and then which answers you then averaged to get your final answers and why you ignored any data (eg poor duplicates or off scale cf standard- you cannot extrapolate beyond your std curve ) Some of you not using the proforma wrote too much. You will be penalised for exceeding allocated space in assignments, so be mindful of this 5. What is the chromophore measured in the Bradford assay? (2 marks) Many of you defined the term chromophore rather than describing the Bradford chromophore which is CBB + protein. (not CBB alone! ) The ? max at 595nm is formed when the dye binds to protein 6. What is the purpose of the blank? Why is it necessary to subtract the absorbance of the blank from all other results? (2 marks) The blank gives us the value for non-specific absorbance ; as we are interested in the specific (in this case protein) absorbance, we must subtract the blank absorbance from all other abs. values. Many of you didn’t subtract the blank from the unknown’s but as they are also mixtures of protein, NaCl and reagents measured in cuvettes, they also contain non-specific absorbance so you must subtract the blank. Many of you said the blank is used to zero the spectrophotometer (which it can be ) but we didn’t do that; we zeroed on water or NaCl then subtracted the blank mathematically. The blank you had to deduct was to remove the combined absorbances of water, NaCl and most importantly the dye in the uncomplexed state 7. The Biuret and Folin-Lowry are two other commonly used colourimetric protein assays. UV absorption can also be used to determine protein concentration. Describe the basis of these methods and compare them with the Bradford assay in terms of ease, sensitivity, range and interferences. (8 marks) You need to describe the biochemical basis(not the actual method) of the Biuret, Lowry and Bradford assays. The Lowry is a modification of the Biuret to improve it’s sensitivity so it’s appropriate to describe the Biuret method first , then describe the Lowry modification You need to state the range (the lowest- highest concentration they can detect) sensitivity(the lowest amount they can detect) for each assay. Some of you confused sensitivity with interference ie substances which, if present will give incorrect results. You need to state how reliable they are -whether they are prone to interferences. You could mention cost of reagents, ease of procedure Many of you placed too much emphasis on the ? ax of the different chromophores described but this is not really relevant. You need to state the wavelength at which proteins absorb UV radiation and which moieties in proteins absorb in the UV. ie at 280nm(near UV) it’s the aromatic amino acids, some of you also mention A200nm(far UV) at which peptide bonds absorb, although this is of little practical use. Note any inte rferences- remember many things absorb UV radiation Advantages of using UV- it’s non destructive so you can recover your sample for further investigation. Formula which relates UV absorption to protein concentration

The New Weave- Culturally Inclusive Curriculum free essay sample

The needed support will rely on expertise, decisions and the involvement of key stakeholders such as; parents, teachers, the community and the Education Department in establishing, implementing and monitoring the procedures. Going through all this procedures is as important as culturally inclusive will not only involve within the classroom but within the community and the school. This assignment will be discussing the importance of culturally inclusive curriculum to students learning, then describe how as a teacher would facilitate the sharing of cultural experiences of students, outline the challenges faced when facilitating of cultural experiences and how it was dealt with and finally the concluding with the fact that diverse cultures in schools is emerging. Education is an introduction to worthwhile learning with teaching methods that must be morally accepted. Culture is the background or foundation of a person’s upbringing within their society which includes their store of important knowledge, skills and values expressed through their language and passing them on to the younger generation for the sake of cultural continuity and survival. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Weave- Culturally Inclusive Curriculum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this context, education and culture are inextricably linked since the content of all education has value of structure that is associated with a particular cultural scheme. As education and culture are inextricably linked, culturally inclusive curriculum is a vital approach to the education system. In most Oceanic societies today, traditional cultural values underpin much of what people emphasise and think about, and continue to be the framework that people use to justify their behaviour and to explain the behaviour of others†. (Thaman, 1988). To embrace the knowledge of diverse cultures of all students in education is to understand the cultural backgrounds of the students, from there, teachers will be able to create a learning space for their students’ which is known as ‘culturally inclusive curriculum’. With different cultural backgrounds and heritage ‘culturally inclusive curriculum’ is based on reflecting on students’ prior knowledge, views, values and understanding, teachers can then build on that foundation with activities and resources that are familiar to the students. The importance of a ‘culturally inclusive curriculum’ approaches have various benefits in the classroom, the school and the community. The Solomon Islands Education Strategic plan 2002-2004 takes this into consideration when it states: †¦there is an acceptance that education has increased tensions with communities†¦The education system is seen by many as being unconnected and antagonistic to the social and cultural values on which Solomon Island communities and society is based†¦Education must be available to all regardless of gender, ethnicity and socio-economic background of citizens. (Ministry of Education, Solomon Islands 2002:1-2). The approaches will be describing how a teacher would facilitate the sharing of cultural experiences of students which with benefits that will explain the essential features that will reflect back towards the students’ wellbeing that will be focused on enhancing students learning. The approaches are: Teaching programs will meet the specific needs of students from diverse backgrounds to ensure equitable learning outcomes where students are provided with support to develop language and literacy proficiency. While English is the major shared language within the Pacific Island countries, it can be used as a tool and mean of communication for our literacy and language development of the social, cultural, community and economic vitality of our nation to draw upon adoption of cultures such as language and a wide variety of languages other than English. Activities that they will be able to relate to, for example are: 1. Sharing ideas of the different uses of plants for medicinal purposes and other uses and plant names. This idea will bring students to able to make connections with other cultures as some plant names and uses will be similar. e. g. similar names of coconut; ini- Nauruan, naniu- Fijian and niu- Tongan and Hawaiian. 2. A discussion, students share stories of adapted languages. e. g. Story of how the Ikiribati and the Nauruan adopted a word A European boy came off a ship with a pet dog, the Ikiribati and the Nauruan bserved carefully at the strange looking creature and they asked each other, â€Å"What is it called? † The European boy called his dog, â€Å"come here Rover† The Ikiribati went back to his people and told them that the creature (dog) is called a ‘Dagamea’ as from the word ‘come here’. The Nauruan went back to his people and told his people that the creature (dog) is called ‘Robar’ as from the word ‘Rover’. Un til now in Kiribati, dagamea mean dog and in Nauru, robar means dog. These benefits are: Schools actively engage with parents and community members from diverse backgrounds to support the engagement and learning of their children this will enable the classroom to become an independent space which promotes open dialogue and communication to allow for personal and social education and will also encourage a cooperative learning. Students will develop an understanding and respect for different cultures, religions, values and views, as they are able to understand and see the similarities between their own cultural backgrounds and other cultures and relate to them. Diverse cultural backgrounds of all students are recognised and valued so no students are being left out but will be given the opportunity to express and share their own cultural background and build on their prior knowledge in a diverse and meaningful way this will enable students to gain confidence in their self image. The inference are the approach will analyse the cultural similarities, it is human nature that having something in common always attract interest and will create a diverse society within the classroom. Students will view that culture is a web of interrelationships and will provide meaning to and a framework for their existence in a particular society†. (Thanman , 2001). Pacific education must prepare our children for the reality of life beyond the walls of the classroom, the schoolyard and their familiar society; they must be a prepared for the complex life beyond their comfort zone, but to prepare them to inculcate values and character that would enable full a nd positive participation in both local cultural community life and in the global community. However, there is yet another perspective of the issue concerning the idea of sharing cultural experiences of student which are the challenges teachers will face when utilizing the idea. It is always best to speculate and evaluate the idea of adopting changes and the pedagogy used. In spite of the importance highlighted of the idea of sharing cultural experiences let us not overlook the challenges which the teacher will be facing. Challenges that I may be facing as a teacher are to mention a few are; trying to get to know all the cultural background of all my students and not leaving one behind due to my lack of knowledge and understanding, coming to terms with my own cultural beliefs, religion and values into accepting other beliefs, religions and values and the limited understanding of what curriculum reform was about and unable to satisfactorily implement the new curricula. Trying to get to know all the cultural background of all my students and not leaving one behind due to my lack of knowledge and understanding, is as a teacher, more research, planning and extra hard work have to be carried out. As some cultural experiences maybe dominant than the other, as a teacher I have to try to balance them out and be resourceful and creative in planning activities to be made as equally interesting and not letting one culture dominate the other. Coming to terms with my own cultural background, religion and values and accepting other beliefs, religions and values. As an adult without the opportunity of a culturally diverse upbringing or teacher training on the issue, it will be a challenge to understand and interrelate with other cultural beliefs especially when it comes to religion and beliefs. While moulding my students to be culturally diverse I will be going through the same process and learning myself. The limited understanding of what curriculum reform was about and unable to satisfactorily implement the new curricula of ‘culturally inclusive curriculum’. Due to my lack of knowledge of other cultural backgrounds, it will be a challenge to implement or even teach the new cultural inclusive curricula. In conclusion, culturally inclusive curriculum is an important approach in this modern time, as even though there will be challenges when teachers are actually facilitating the sharing of cultural experiences within the classroom. Culture inclusive in our curricula is becoming a demand due to the increase of multicultural backgrounds of students which has brought attention to educators to take action on the issue. Diverse cultures in Pacific schools is increasing so let us use this as an opportunity to prepare our children to be able to strive in the wider global network. Bibliography Ministry of Education, Solomon Islands. 2002. Education strategic plan 2002- 2004. Government of Solomon Islands, Solomon Is. Thaman, K. H. (1988). Ako and Faiako: cultural values, educational ideas and teachers’ role perceptions in Tonga. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the South Pacific, Suva. Thanman, K. T. (2001). Culturally inclusive teacher education in Oceania. International Education Journel, 26 (5), 1-2.

buy custom Rockefeller Drug Laws essay

buy custom Rockefeller Drug Laws essay The problem of drug in America cannot be overstated. Estimates suggest that 12.8 million Americans, equivalent to 6% of the population aged 12 years and above use illegal drugs on a regular basis. This is a great improvement on the 1970s all time high. In 1979 the number of regular illegal drug users was 25 million indicating that the number has fallen by 50 percent since then. This is a great achievement. It therefore follows that the problem of drugs was at its peak in the 1970s and authorities were looking for every way to reduce the problem (Wilson par5). The Rockefeller Drug Laws can be understood from these perspective- harsh laws designed to make it unattractive to engage in drugs. The laws were enacted in 1973 under Governor Nelson Rockefeller to whom they are named (Wilson par1). This paper is going to evaluate the impact of the Rockefeller Laws in New York State. The finds out that since the laws became effective in 1973, the judicial system got distorted, the population of African Americans and Latinos in jails has increased sharply, and the petty drug offenders are denied an opportunity for treatment, broken homes, families and communities, economic distress and diversion of government resources from other more deserving sectors to prisons. The immediate effect of the Rockefellers laws is that the tied the hands of the judges in determining the appropriate jail term or even punishment for the offender. The laws effectively took that power from the judge by specifying how jail terms for people found with illegal drugs according to the amounts and class of the drugs. The judge was in this case reduced to a parrot to just read what the law said even if it would be against his better judgment. Being that there are no two cases that are similar and the offenders are also unique, it is an act of injustice to introduce blanket sentences on the accused. Furthermore since the judge cannot take into consideration an individual defendantscircumstances, it remains that the only other way of receiving a more lenient sentence is to cooperate with the prosecution. However this works well with those who are powerful in the trade because it is only them who have access to information regarding drug cartels and the trade. The implication of these is that the powerful individuals , by cooperating with the prosecution get reduced sentences while those at the bottom of the pyramid end up with longer jail terms (Sayegh par2). Emanating from the point above is the disproportionately high number of African Americans and Latinos in jail as a result of breaking these laws. A report from a study done in 2004 showed that the rates of illicit drug use were 8.1% for the whites, 8.1% for Africa-Americans and 7.2% for Latinos. Among the teens ages 12 to 17 years, the rates are highest among the whites as compared to Africa-Americans and Latinos. Yet among those incarcerated in state prisons on account of drug offences, 90% are Africa-American or Latino. The percentage of African-American in prison due to drug offences is 58.5%, for Latinos it is 31.5% while it is 8.9% for the whites. This contrasts with the statistics on racial percentages of drug users. Among these 80% have never been convicted been convicted of a violent offence yet they are sentenced under these archaic laws to remain in prison. The laws are therefore discriminative against the colored people (Wilson par 5,6,7). Being that Rockefellers laws do not give drug users an opportunity to go for treatment, offenders who were under treatment and others who would have benefited from the same are held in prison. Treatment which is far much cheaper and cost-effective is ignored while thousands of dollars are used to sustain the victim in Jail. Among the prison population, 83% of the inmates have an identified substance abuse. Rockefellers are also to blame for many homes, families and communities that have been broken. With such a high number of inmates, one can only imagine the number of homes, families and communities that suffer the loss. In 2002, an estimated eleven thousand people incarcerated for drug related offences were parents of young children including a thousand women. Approximately twenty five thousand children in New York State had their parents behind bars as a result of nonviolent drug charges convictions. Widowed wives and orphaned children are not uncommon among the affected. This will almost automatically be followed by loss of livelihood. Families that previously provided for themselves may be left to suffer due to imprisonment of the bread winner in circumstances where a more lenient punishment would have sufficed. The lost labor is not good for the economy as a whole save for big corporations that utilize prisoners as laborers for meager pay (NLYCU par 5). The laws were reformed in 2004 under the stewardship of New York Assembly and drug law advocates. The reform lowered the maximum sentences from 25 years to nine years. This change was however too little too late; the reforms have had minimal effects on the ground. The laws have not succeeded in stopping inner-city youths from using and dealing with drugs. The problem persists (Sayegh par 10). Legalization of drugs is a question that had lingered in the public domain for a long time. Legalization of the drug will not automatically lead to decreased violence and profit. Legalizing the drugs will make it available to a lot of people some of them school-going children whose mental judgment cannot be trusted. Legalizing the drugs is therefore a very risky affair whose benefits are not worth the risk involved and whose results one can never be sure of. The Rockefellers laws can be said to be bad laws made in response to a genuine and serious concern. It was meant to tackle the rampant problem of drug abuse but due to the fact that the drafters were overzealous about it, the laws became counterproductive. Buy custom Rockefeller Drug Laws essay

Should texting while driving be illegal Research Paper

Should texting while driving be illegal - Research Paper Example Banning text messaging while driving will make drivers more self-aware of the consequences and will reduce the number of accidents caused by similar distractions. Howie (2008) provides an example how tempted drivers who are lured to check all the more familiar beep on the cell phone notifying of received text message can be trapped by their curiosity and lose lots of money. Howie (2008) briefly explains how this is possible, describing how the driver reaches for the cell phone, believe that 60 seconds of quick typing to respond to the so urgent text will not cause any trouble. Suddenly, the car in front of you breaks to a halt so rapidly and unexpectedly that you are unable to react and crash into it. â€Å"During the claims process your insurance company starts checking your cell-phone communications in the run-up to the accident (Howie par. 3).† Now you have lost considerable amount of money, only because you can not control your addiction to cell phone texting. Ramos (2009) mentions a Car and Driver study launched in June 2009 which questions the ability to text and drive safely. The study covers males between age 22 and 37 and measures their reactions while texting and driving and while drinking and driving. Afterwards they compare the data. The results show that the 22-year-olds driving at 35 mph needed additional 21 feet to stop while reading a text while the traffic light signaled red. However, if they were writing a text they needed extra 16 feet. â€Å"While reading a text and driving at 70 mph, the same subject traveled about 31 extra feet while typing. In comparison, he traveled half that – 15 extra feet – while drunk (Ramos par.6).† The 37-year-olds reached far worse scores. Although the results suggest ageism – the study openly indicates that no matter what age, even if you are using familiar cell, the chances of being distracted reading or sending text while driving soar. We also have to take into acc ount that the

Are Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Effective Research Paper

Are Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Effective - Research Paper Example Notifying the public about sex offenders whether they are imposing high or low risks, will lead to meddling with the treatment of the sex offenders, as a result deteriorating safety of the public. This also wastes funds which can be spent on those sex offenders who are precarious and are most likely to rebel. Under the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act of 2006 (SORNA) all the states need to take on a unsympathetic policy that is the same for every sex offender regardless how dangerous they are or what the consequences may be, or else they will lose Byme Grant funds. The SORNA laws were passed with no hearings. This act was passed without consulting all the states and the laws in progress in the states were not thought about. Institutes that had knowledge in regard of sex offenders were not given any consideration; one can believe that it is not too late to review this faulty law. (Baron, 2008) Under the third part of the Adam Walsh Act which is a part of the Sex Offender Resgistration and Notification Act a cataloguing system was created for the sex offenders. A Tier I sex offender is different from the Tier II or Tier III sex offender. Sex offenders who come under Tier II are those offenders who are found guilty of committing such crimes that are against a minor, for example sex trafficking, bullying, transporting with the intention to get the minor involved in some criminal sexual activity, violent sexual contact, using the minor to perform some sexual presentation, asking a minor to get involved in prostitution or using the minor for pornography. Tier III sex offenders are those offenders who are found guilty of committing criminal acts of maddened sexual violence, sexual abuse, violent sexual contact against a minor below the age of thirteen or kidnapping of the minor. (Wright, 2008)

Integrated Math and Science Unit Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Integrated Math and Science Unit Plan - Essay Example The topics of study including percentages, decimals, and fractions should be referenced by use of integrated math and science standards. This helps in the presentation of the vital information in a way that is sequential, logical, meaningful, and organised way. Instructors need to employ standards, which will help lesson planning to identify important understanding, description of intellectual skills under the definition of vital content the learners require. This framework describes in great depth the content that instructors should employ in teaching. Instructors are advised to adapt and modify the activities to satisfy needs of the learner. However, most activities are associated to elementary level; they are not aimed at adding up to the entire curriculum for percentages, decimals, and fractions at this level. Unit lesson plans Unit plans involve lessons plan that aid in the saving of time as the sequential order creates organization hence time saving. In this paper, integrated m ath and science unit plan will emphasize on the welfare of different learners, both gifted and the disabled. The activities will outline what is required of the learners and the expectations of the teacher after each lesson. Five lesson plans will be prepared on the following topics: percentages, decimals and fractions. ... al groups, formal, and informal assessment related to the set objectives, formative, authentic and summative assessments, and should allow for reflection of the student. Lesson plan 1 Objective: By the end of the lesson, the learner should know the correlation of the instructional activities to the topic being taught. Activity Give each student different coloured balls about twenty in number. Ask the students to identify the total number of each ball out of the lot you gave out. Give them time to work this out. After a while, ask them to represent the number of each ball out of the total number of balls in the classroom. As a second activity, give out about a hundred books to the students not putting into account whether it is a storybook, a diary or an exercise book. Ask the students to collect the books into portions or rather sections as per the type; storybook, textbook, diary or a notebook. Confirm with the students if it is possible to relate the total number of a given book to the whole group of books dished out at first time (our total was a hundred books). Remind the learners that, in this lesson they will use the representation of the number of each ball against the total number of balls given out first (this will demonstrate the fraction bit of the lesson). (Study the objectives again with the learners.) After completion of the second activity, ask the students to represent the number of each book type that they collected, (this activity is to be done in groups) against the total number of books given out originally. This will demonstrate the percent part of the topic being taught. (Confirm again the objective of the unit plan with the learners.) A third and final activity will include working out of the values got from the first two activities by division.

The Rationales And Strategies For Change Management Essay

The Rationales And Strategies For Change Management Essay In this highly competitive global market organizations are pron to any change in global economic environment. The rise of highly efficient global and domestic competitors, the rapid technological development and global economic downturn like that of 2007, are some of external and internal pressures that have forced organizations to change the way they manage their business processes. In order to increase their efficiency, minimize their operation cost and increase their competitiveness, organizations are going through changes such as Downsizing, implementing new technology or merger. Considering the current economic downturn many organizations took drastic measure to insure their survival in the global market by downsizing their operation to the level where they can stay competitive. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview on the rationale behind organizations going through change and the strategy implemented by organization. Accordingly, the paper examined the rationale and strategies used by changing organizations: GM Holden, Ford and Fletcher building supply, due the current economic crisis. Organizational change-Downsizing For decades because of instability in the global business environment organizations often finds themselves facing the need to change their way of operations. The current economic crisis which started in 2007 was a good scenario where many organizations had to take Transformative change to counter slowing global economy (Brown and Harvey 2001). The demand for product and services worldwide slammed to the lowest level which forced organizations to downsize their operations and employee number in order to minimize their operational costs. In 2009 car manufacturing company GM-Holden downsized its vehicle production to 310 a day. Holden closed its afternoon shift and operate only one shift per day. Even though Holden downsized its vehicle production it managed to keep its 3000 workforce at Elizabeth plant. The production line operates in two teams, each working one week on and one week off (The Age 2009). Similarly Ford car manufacturing company cut a round 350 employees in 2008 and close d it Geelong engine manufacturing plant in 2010 (The Age 2008). The other organization to downsize in 2009 was Fletcher Building Supply Company where a bout 2500 staff members was slashed across all operations inline with falling demand for building material around the world (The Australian 2009). From the above example we can clearly see that downsizing was the strategy implemented in countering the challenges these organizations were facing in the global market. Downsizing is a set of activities designed to improve organizations performance and by scaling down business processes, workforce and operational costs (Farrell and Mavondo 2005). In case of Holden the company prefer to keep its employee while it reduces the output while Ford and Fletcher prefer to downsize their employee and close down some of their operations. The rational for the change including external and internal pressures? According Chief executive Jonathan Ling of Fletcher (2009), due to slowing down in construction of residential houses around the world the company have taken a range of initiative to scale down manufacturing capacity of the company by retrenching workers and closing down braches to keep the profit margin. This was echoed by Ford spokeswoman Sinead McAlary (2008) who claims that the demand in six-cylinder vehicle and further deterioration in global economy forced Ford to shade some employee and closed down its engine manufacturing plant in Geelong. According to Holdenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Spokesman Scott Whiffing (2009), Holden downsized its volume of production due to the falling demand of its V6 vehicles and the scraping of its G8 US lucrative export deal by its Parent company General Motors (GM). In addition, the increasing demand for smaller and fuel efficient cars in global market forced Holden to shift from manufacturing bigger fuel consuming cars to small cars that are economical for consumers. From the above reasons given by these organizations, global financial crisis was the external factor causing companies to take drastic transformative changes in order to survive in this highly competitive global market. The internal reason is the need to satisfy their shareholders by cutting costs to keep the profit margin. In addition, these organizations fail to have vision in to the demand of the market place. Car manufacturing companies like Holden and Ford failed to notice the shift in demand before the financial crisis hit the global market. This allows companies like to Toyota to easily out pace Holden and Ford and become dominant in the market place. Change Strategy used by Organization There are different strategies to implement planned organizational changes. It could be either incremental or transformative change strategy. In the case of Holden the company has implemented Participative change which is incremental transformation. During downsizing employees were participating in the planning of the change and they show willingness to work one week on and off to help the company challenge the current economic slowdown. Holden managed to keep it work force which will enables the company to cope with production of new small cars in 2010 (The Age 2009). In the case of Ford it uses Dictorial transformation strategy to implement its transformative change from being only a large car maker to add small car to its line-up by 2011. Similarly Fletcher is undergoing Dictorial transformation by downsizing its employee and closing down its manufacturing to insure its balance sheet is up float. According to Fletcher, it would also impose a freeze on remaining staff salaries and directors fees for 2010. 2.0 Comparing the Rationales and Strategies Are there commonalities that emerge? Despite of different strategies companies could implement during in need of change to secure their survival, there is a trend emerging where downsizing seem the only solution exercised by many CEO during time of crisis. Most organizations cut back their work processes or their worker during economic down turn, however researches shows down sizing is becoming a common practice regardless of the status of the economic environment(Jeffrey and Pfeffer 2010). Only one in six organizations interviewed in 1995 responded not to have downsized between 1993 and 1995(Bordia, Hobman, Paulsen, and Tourish, 2004). For example Fletcher decision to downsize their production and manpower, seems that the company was following what other organization was doing in the global market. The organization was reacting to the temporary problem arisen during the financial crisis. The shrinking market for large vehicles around the world forced car manufacturing company like Ford to lay off their worker and close down their worker. The downsizing was in response to drop in demand and due to shift of product market. Similarly Holden reacted to the crisis by cutting down product size. In all cases above, downsizing was the solution use by these organizations to cut their operational cost. It seems that they all have the same reason why they implement downsizing as strategy to face the financial but they have different way implementing it. Are some rationales and strategies presented as more legitimate than the others? In your option why might be the case? Some of the rationale and strategy presented are more legitimate than the others. If we take in the case of Holden the organization seem to understand the rationale well when they implemented downsizing as their strategy. It is important they cut down their production volume however since the problem is temporary the solution is also temporary. Holden use the situation as their advantage to structure their business processes and prepare for the future competition in the global market. The reason behind not to let go of their worker was firstly the organization valued the skilled workers who would necessary when the company introduce new small car model in 2010. For that reason the company avoided not only the cost involving laying of workers but also rehiring (Jeffrey, and Pfeffer, 2010). Secondly Holden understood the extent to which downsizing could impact the moral of the workers that are staying behind. According annual investigative industry report subsequent reductions in manpo wer have negative impact on performance (Farrell, and Mavondo, 2005). In addition Holden took involuntary downsizing with the participation and consultations of its employee. This helped Holden to minimize employee distrust on the organization. In contrary Fletcher Pty seems to care about fixing their balance sheet. The company seems to miss that the current slump in residential housing was not as result of over supply instead was due to financial crisis. The demand for residential construction is still high but it slowed down due to affordability. When the demand is high again Fletcher will be in bad position compare to its competitors. Where as Ford didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have choice it needed to cut down staff and downsize its production at Geelong plant was due to aging model of its four-wheel model and its small car was imported as the result it was necessary in long-term to downsize it business processes. There fore Ford took downsizing associated with long-term business processes restructuring (Farrell, and Mavondo, 2005). There fore its legitimate to implement downsizing in the time of crisis however it should not only focused on the current issue but the long-term strategy to gain competitive advantage in the global market. To what extent are single or multiple rationale and strategy utilised? What conclusion can you draw from these? There are circumstances in which layoffs are necessary for a firm to survive. Some time changes due to technological implementation makes downsizing feel like only solution. In the current economic crisis downsizing was a major strategy to be implemented by many organization. The external and internal pressure that generated from this crisis was the reason behind these changes. In many cases organization are mainly interested in finding an immediate solution to the crisis rather than long-term solution. This is because organizations are mainly concerned with the shareholder interest rather than the local economy or interest of employee (Burdos, 2002). In case of Holden, Ford and Fletcher downsizing was the only strategy implemented to cut cost of operation and restructuring purpose. This shows that in time crisis cost cutting is the prime target of an organization to stay competitive in the global market.

Childhood Perspectives in Jane Eyre and Hideous Kinky Essay -- Jane Ey

Childhood Perspectives in Jane Eyre and Hideous Kinky Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816 in Hamworth in Yorkshire. Her father was the vicar of the village she lived in. Her mother died when she was very young. With her two sisters, Maria and Elizabeth she was sent to a very strict boarding school where she was very unhappy. Both her sisters died of tuberculosis, which made her very upset. Jane Eyre was based on Charlotte Bronte's own experience and is a fictional autobiography. Esther Freud was born in London in 1963 almost 150 years after Charlotte Bronte. She spent most of her childhood in Sussex, she was taken to Morocco when she was very young but says she can't remember. Hideous Kinky was published in 1992, although it's not an autobiography its base on her childhood experiences in Morocco. Jane Eyre is set in the middle of the Victorian period where children had no rights and social class was everything. As the book goes on we see Jane grow from a rebellious and boisterous young girl to a sensible and determined woman. We see Jane move from place to place meeting and losing people. Although we do see Jane growing into a young woman we are only concentrating on the first 10 chapters in which we follow her childhood. Hideous Kinky is set in the 1960's, in Morocco .The book gives a view of life on the road to Morocco is put across through the eyes of a sincere but often distracted hippie's five year-old daughter. As the small family seeks food, shelter and friendship wherever they can and their adventures unfurl, there grows between them a strange yet unshakeable bond. The contrast between the historical and social period in which the two books are set is stark, particularly with regard to th... ...y. In the evening, Jane speaks to Helen, she asks her why she puts up with Miss Scatchared's bullying and she explains the principles of endurance, duty and self-sacrifice to Jane, as based on the New Testament Gospels. A lot of the first few chapters when Jane starts Lowood consist of the converse between Helen and Jane. Though this dialogue covers some complex theological ground, it is nonetheless quite naturalistic and provides us with a deep insight into Helen's character. Helen offers one solution to Jane's problem - the need to quell her passionate nature and Jane does learn from her, as we begin to see in the following chapters. But Helen's faith is also essentially inward - looking, as indicated by her tendency to slip into reverie, and potentially death - willing; she looks forward to death as an elevation, 'I live in calm, looking to the end'.

Marketing and Brand Equity Essay

The AsiaTravel is facing the following problems regarding its brand value to customers: * Its brand name is merely the generic version of its services, therefore price is seen as its main competitive advantage in the travel market; * Associations of the brand have not been clearly defined and conveyed to customers, therefore their perception about its brand name is not sufficiently strong for them to recognize and recall this brand among other alternatives; * Information on past experiences customers have acquired from the use of the company’s services have not been adequately collected and assessed. This makes difficult for asiatravel.com to identify the benefits and value its brand has already been shaped in customers’ mind. * Although the company’s name reflects quite obvious the market segmentation on which it is focusing i.e. Asia as a whole, specific target markets and sub-segments have not been identified. * The company has not adequately identified and evaluated its competitors. As a consequence, their knowledge about its competitors, its points of parity and points of difference is limited. Therefore, its brand positioning is not so strong even though the company has great intrinsic potentials in bringing its brand to be favourable and unique in the travel market. * The company has not adequately invested in developing tools to conduct market surveys; to develop effective marketing strategies, appropriate marketing programs and proper marketing communication to build its brand equity. 1. Costumer-based brand equity Keller (2003) defined customer-based brand equity as â€Å"the differential effect that brand knowledge has on customer response to the marketing of that brand†. When customers respond more positively to a product/service and the way it is marketed when its brand is recognized than when it is not then this brand is said to have a positive CBBE. On the contrary, if consumers react less favourably to marketing activity for the brand compared with an unnamed or deceptively named version of the product/service then this brand is said to have negative CBBE . Brand knowledge consists of two key components: brand awareness and brand image. Brand awareness is related to the strength of the brand presence in the consumer. mind. Acceding to Keller (2003), brand awareness can be built by increasing the familiarity of the brand via repeated exposure (for brand recognition) and strong associations with the category of product/service and other relevant purchase or consumption cues (brand recall). High service quality, reasonable prices, safety, diversity, flexibility are relevant associations for Asia travel.com to take into account for the improvement of their brand awareness. Brand image defined as the customer’s perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product/service with regards to its intended purpose, relative to alternatives (Krishnakumar, 2009). To know perceived quality, it is very useful for marketers to identify and measure the main aspect that includes the characteristics of the product/service to which the brand is attached. Quality is the vital strength of the brand especially in the field of travel services. This is a very relevant association that Asiatravel.com should develop as a crucial component of their marketing programs to build brand equity without changing their name and logo. Furthermore, apart from quality, it is essential for marketers to create strong, favourable and exceptional brand associations in order to build positive CBBE. The next strongest brand attitude and benefit associations are built from word-of –mouth (friends/family) and/or non-commercial information.. As a result, marketers of Asiatravel.com should identify the impact of those different sources of information by managing and adequately accounting for them in the process of designing communication strategies to build its brand equity. 2. Brand positioning Keller (2003) defined brand positioning is â€Å"identifying the optimal location of a brand in the minds of a group of consumers or market segment so that they think about the products/services offered by this brand in the right or desired way thus maximizing potential benefits to the firm†. Target market. It is important to identify the consumer target since different consumers may have different brand knowledge structures thus having different perception and preferences about this brand. Market segment comprises of cluster of individuals with similar needs and consumer behaviour. It is essential for Asiatravel.com to refer to this marketing segmentation scheme in order to design marketing programs that can attract one or more appropriate segments. Identification of main competitors It is necessary to know the competition before the company starts positioning itself. This includes players who offer the same product/service among a larger portfolio of solutions. SWOT analysis could be a good start for Asiatravel.com to do the exercise of identifying its main competitors. Point of similarity and point of difference PoDs could be defined as the way consumers think for a given brand. Those are what make the brand be prominent from competition In the case of Asiatravel.com the most visible association of this kind is their â€Å"3 in 1† product. This difference can be achieved more convincingly by better quality, better consumer service, predictable comfort and amusement, absolute safety, competitive prices and flexibility (wide range of choices suited to customers’ needs). PoPs can be classified into two types: category and competitive. Category PoPs is important if the brand is looking for an extension into a new category. Competitive PoPs are the brand associations that are designed to be the competitors’ PoDs in order to negate their PoDs (Keller, 2003). Positioning mapping is an effective instrument for asiatravel.com to identify its PoDs and PoPs in order to determine proper position of its brand in its defined market segments In general, brand positioning is an extremely crucial but highly difficult step in establishing CBBE. To achieve good brand positioning, asiatravel.com needs to seriously look at target market, knowing competitors, PoDs and PoPs in their strategic re-branding process. References David Aaker (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing On The Value of Brand Name, The Free Press, NY. Kevin L. Keller (2003). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measure,And Managing Brand Equity, 2nd ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Krishnakumar K. (2009). Customer-Based Brand Equity – A Pragmatic Approach from http://www.articlesbase.com/marketing-articles/customer-based-brand-equity-a-pragmatic-approach-868384.html(accessed on 01/09/2012). http://www.chinapost.com.tw/business/asia/australia/2012/05/11/340756/Asiatravelcom-rolls.htm(accessed on 31/08/2012). http://www.eguide.com.sg/Companies/Asiatravel-Com-Holdings (accessed on 31/08/2012). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatravel.com (accessed on 31/08/2012). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatravel.com (accessed on 31/08/2012). http://managementstudyguide.com/marketing-programs-to-build-brand-equity.htm (accessed on 31/08/2012). http://uamp.wits.ac.za/sebs/downloads/2009/chapter_5.ppt (accessed on 01/09/2012). http://managementstudyguide.com/brand-positioning-strategy.htm (accessed on 01/09/2012). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_(marketing) (accessed on 01/09/2012). http://managementstudyguide.com/customer-based-brand-equity.htm (accessed on 01/09/2012).

pearlharbor essays

pearlharbor essays Reasons that Japan Involved the U.S. in War For more than fifty years, historians and social scientists have been questioning whether or not the United States was already at war prior to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Because of the conflict that already existed regarding Japans expansionist practices, the United States may or may have not needed to have its hand forced in the official designation of war in the Pacific. As the Japanese Empire had grown, so had its control over its territories. For example, in the early 1930s, Japan invaded Manchuria, a clear sign that the Japanese did not intend to lessen their efforts to gain control throughout Asia. The Japanese, who had blocked a number of Russian incursions into Manchuria, were moving in to gain control of the region's plentiful coal and iron, which Japan sorely lacked. In 1937, Japanese and Chinese forces fought near Beijing resulting in Japans occupation of northern China. The United States ostensibly disapproved of such actions but refused to take any direc t action in stopping it. Whether or not these conflicts began inadvertently or whether they were planned is unknown. Nevertheless, they led to a full-scale war known as the second Sino-Japanese War. Questions as to why Japan wanted the U.S. involved in war bring to bear the numerous issues involved in any discussion of pre-World War II Japanese-American relations, as well as those revolving around the war itself. It seems obvious that if there had been some level of agreement between the nations regarding the larger expansionist practices of Japan, the need for such a dramatically destructive move as the bombing of Pearl Harbor might have been avoided. Japans sense of achievement, as well as its sense of resentment, its attempt to learn from the West and its resistance to Western influence, warred with each other throughout the 1920s and early 1930s (Fallows 33)....

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism Gabrielle Union, Tika Sumpter, and  Lupita Nyong’o have all been praised for their good looks. Because they are dark-skinned, however, they have all been asked to discuss how  colorism, or skin color discrimination, affected their self-esteem. These women and other actresses, such as Keke Palmer and Vanessa Williams, have all had unique experiences in and out of the entertainment industry based on their skin color. Hearing them discuss their encounters, or lack thereof, with colorism, sheds light on the hurdles that have yet to be overcome in race relations. Pretty For a Dark-Skinned Girl Actress Keke Palmer of â€Å"Akeelah and the Bee† fame discussed her desire to be lighter-skinned while sitting on the Hollywood Confidential Panel in 2013. â€Å"When I was like 5 years old I used to pray to have light skin because I would always hear how pretty that little light skin girl was, or I would hear I was pretty ‘to be dark skinned,’†Ã‚  Palmer revealed. â€Å"It wasn’t until I was 13 that I really learned to appreciate my skin color and know that I was beautiful.† The actress went on to say that African Americans need â€Å"to stop separating ourselves by how dark or how light we are.† Praying For Light Skin Palmer’s prayer for lighter skin sounds eerily similar to Lupita Nyong’o’s prayers as a youth. The Oscar winner revealed in early 2014 that she, too, begged God for lighter skin. Teased and bullied for her dark skin, Nyong’o desperately believed that God would answer her prayer. â€Å"The morning would come and I would be so excited about seeing my new skin that I would refuse to look down at myself until I was in front of a mirror because I wanted to see my fair face first,†Ã‚  she said. â€Å"And every day I experienced the same disappointment of being just as dark as I was the day before.† The success of dark-skinned model Alek Wek helped Nyong’o to appreciate her skin color. â€Å"A celebrated model, she was dark as night, she was on all of the runways and in every magazine and everyone was talking about how beautiful she was.† â€Å"Even Oprah called her beautiful and that made it a fact. I couldn’t believe that people were embracing a woman who looked so much like me as beautiful. My complexion had always been an obstacle to overcome and all of a sudden Oprah was telling me it wasn’t.† Colorism Still Affects Gabrielle Union Actress Gabrielle Union has no shortage of admirers but  she revealed in 2010 that growing up in an all-white town led to her developing low self-esteem, particularly about her skin color. Her white classmates did not pursue her romantically and she did not meet black boys until she, an athlete, headed off to basketball camp. â€Å"When I got to go to basketball camp and I got to be around black boys, I was like cool†¦until I got dumped†¦for a light skinned girl,† she said. â€Å"And then that whole thing started. My hair isn’t straight enough. My nose isn’t pointy enough. My lips are too big. My boobs aren’t big enough. And you start going through all of that. And I realize as I’ve gotten older a lot of issues that I was dealing with at 15, I am still dealing with today.† Union said that she’s also witnessed her teenaged niece confront the same issues with skin color and hair texture, leading her to believe â€Å"that there is a lot more work to do be done.† In Hollywood, where there’s a high premium on looks, Union said that she continues to grapple with insecurities. â€Å"In the business that I am in now, it is incredibly tough, and to be honest, sometimes it is hard to keep my head above the water, sometimes I feel like I’m drowning,† she said. â€Å"†¦You don’t get a job, and you immediately want to blame it on, if my hair was different, or maybe if my nose†¦or they just want to go with light-skin girls, and you start to doubt yourself, and the self-doubts and the low self-esteem starts to creep in.† Tika Sumpter Never Felt Less Than Actress Tika Sumpter remarked in 2014 that being dark-skinned never made her feel less than her five siblings, all of whom are lighter than she is. She said that her mother, who is lighter than her, and her father, who is also dark-skinned, always appreciated her complexion. â€Å"I never felt less than, so even growing up and getting into this business I always felt like well yeah of course you’re going to like me,†Ã‚  she told Oprah Winfrey. â€Å"†¦I never felt like, wow, the light-skinned girl- she’s going to get all the boys. Growing up I was like, yeah, of course I’m cute. †¦Of course I’m going to be the president of my class three years in a row. I was never made to feel less than, and it starts at home. It really does.† Hollywood Poses Challenges For All Black Women Actress Vanessa Williams, who has light skin and eyes, was asked in 2014 to discuss the success of Lupita Nyong’o and whether skin color poses a barrier for dark-skinned women. â€Å"Getting a good role is hard no matter what you look like, and Lupita did a phenomenal job,†Ã‚  Williams said. â€Å"She went to Yale School of Drama and this was the first thing she did out of her tutelage there and she’s a brilliant actress†¦ She’s amazing because she embodied that role and made you feel. â€Å"It’s hard to get good roles anyway, no matter how fair your skin is†¦no matter how brown your skin is. It’s up to you to make the best out of each opportunity that you’re given.†

Two different social networking (Snapchat and Instagram) Essay

Two different social networking (Snapchat and Instagram) - Essay Example First of all, the main distinctive and unique feature of the service is that the picture a person wants to share with a friend is saved on the service only within 24 hours. After this period the picture is being deleted from Snapchat and nobody is able to see it anymore. Also, once a friend gets the photo he can observe it maximum for 10 seconds after this the picture disappears. As for design possibilities of editing pictures Snapchat has not that many functions. The only way user can make the picture is to take it right from the camera provided by the app, he can also add some text or paint something on the photo taken right away. The service has only one communicational function, which to share pictures with friends without possibility to save the pictures or comment (and like) them afterwards. Thus Snapchat is truly a kind of chat that provides its users with possibility to share their photos with saving a high level of privacy. Instagram is the social network whereby internet users can share whatever pictures they wish to share with their followers. Instagram users can either take a photo and post it right away or post any picture from their camera roll. The pictures are being saved on the service for unlimited period of time and the person’s followers can look at them any time they want unless the owner of the profile deletes them by oneself. The way of usage of the app is also different from Snapchat. After choosing a picture a user intends to post he can edit it in multiple ways like using filters or in a manual way. The posted pictures are being showed in a common newsfeed of the user’s followers and they can like it and comment, which makes the application more adapted for open communicational possibilities. If user wants to save a picture, he can visit the other user’s profile and save it print screening the picture he likes. The service is definitely less private, as it allows u sers to steal others’ pictures from their

Violence Against Women especially on Dowry Murder and Honor Essay

Violence Against Women especially on Dowry Murder and Honor Killings.The Agents That Control Women's Reproductive Choice and health, especially on Government and the Global Economy - Essay Example In chapter 2, when discussing violence against women, Burn discusses two key points as the very underpinnings of dowry murder and honor killings. Particularly, Burn is categorical that dowry murder has its underpinning in male’s greater economic power. To Burn, men are more economically endowed than women, so most societies have socioeconomic systems that are patriarchal in nature. Thus, the tradition of paying dowry is one of the starkest manifestations of male economic domination. Upon entering marriage, a couple does not start from a point of equality, since dowry has been paid. Thus, Burn sees the dowry as a subtle signifying of ownership of the man over the woman. This becomes a breeding ground for domestic violence and murder. The other factor that underpins honor killings is men’s greater political power. This inordinate concentration of power in the hands of men makes men control institutions and use the same institutions to oppress women who go against the grain. In highly patriarchal and undemocratic societies, men control the instruments of coercion to subject women to honor killings. In chapter 3, Burn contends that the government holds a large sway on women’s reproductive choices through legislation. For instance, many states have legislations that proscribe abortion, while there are others which provide very meager funding for women’s reproductive health. Secondly, Burn states that the global economy undercuts women’s reproductive choices when policies touching on demography and reproduction are mooted and implemented without the consideration of women, who are the child bearers. There are several shreds of evidences that Burn uses to underscore her point. For instance, she uses statistical provisions to show how the government can derail the exertion of women’s free will in reproductive matters. For instance, Burn quotes the UN statistics which show that in 2003, there were 35

Applied statistics for finance and economics Coursework

Applied statistics for finance and economics - Coursework Example The spread of recession globally made share prices go down dramatically. Changes in pricing is a fundamental aspect in chart analysis. Traders usually watch out for stocks assuming a certain direction or impressions of a possible stock price change (McWhirter, 2008). Momentum becomes a dealers partner if well analyzed and identified. The assumed logic behind price momentum is that price movements are random. A popular argument among many is that share prices change fast to portray new information and new information cannot be predicted. This, therefore, means trend analysis does not lead to a better long term performance. The actions of market participants usually determine price momentum. Traders being opportunistic the way they are, orders tend to be placed once a given direction is determined on stock price. The more sales is experienced the upward or the downward form is increased. This trend proceeds until word is out that a new trend now warrants selling or buying the stock. Price direction now becomes chaotic nevertheless not random. Taking the case of random walk argument trends will be seen on a random manner. A good example is tossing a coin. No matter how many you toss it and land on tails the last five times, the probability in coin toss will always remain on 50%. Take another example on roulette wheel ball. The previous spins doesn’t necessarily mean that one might land on red or black. The rate sits steadily on 47%. Traders who follow the random walk theory note that the timing of new data and news is not predictable. They also note that that stock prices change very fast with th e coming of new information, The constant variation of stock market is the simple definition of volatility. Suppose today the stock market goes up, tomorrow it goes down it goes up again in the following five days, then this is called volatility of stock. The most common cause for this

Gender determination Essay Example for Free

Gender determination Essay When an individual is born, he or she has male or female sexual organs and this determines the sex of that individual and consequently how the society expects that person to behave. Gender is different however, in that it transcends the simple biological explanation of why one is a boy and another is a girl. This paper will focus on what makes one a girl putting aside the fact that one was born one. It will also look at the possibility of an individual being born a girl but changing to become a boy. How and why this is done is also part of the discussion. Gender is described as â€Å"the socially constructed roles, behaviour, activities and attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women† (http://www. who. int). This means that to be masculine or feminine depends on a society and not only on the sexual organs that one is born with. Once an individual is born, the society teaches him or her how to behave according to the expectations that specific society has for an individual belonging to his or her particular sex. Every society has some roles that are assigned to male and female members of the society and this determines whether one is male or female. The question then becomes whether one is born with his or her gender or this is learned from the society that one grows in. In my own case, attending a girl’s school determined my becoming feminine and thus becoming a girl despite the fact that I was born a girl. In the school, only girls were around and thus were the only role models that I had. This meant that I only had other girls to emulate in my behaviour and my peers were also girls so together we all aspired to be better girls. The teachers we had were also keen on ensuring that we were trained on how girls should behave in certain occasions and also which aspects were to be admired in a girl and which were abhorrent in a female. This shows that one can be trained to become feminine or masculine but it is important to note that it is not always so. This can be demonstrated by the number of girls who would get into trouble with the teachers for playing truant yet this was supposed to be an undesirable trait for girls and hence was dissuaded. These girls were given the same training as all their peers yet tended to behave differently causing one to question whether gender is completely determined by the society (Morrow 1991). Despite the question that is posed above, it is clear that girls who are educated in girl’s only schools are usually more feminine than those who attend mixed schools. This is because those in mixed schools are not controlled as much as those in girls only schools. The environment they are reared in leans more towards femininity and thus tends to discourage any behaviour that is seen to be masculine. The lack of an alternative form of behaviour leads to their feminine behaviour although some will try deviate by doing what they think others are doing elsewhere (Askew Davey 2005). This then leads to the question whether or not one can change from being a girl into a boy? Apart from the biological way, culture has two different ways of changing an individual’s gender. This can either be done by changing the culture one has been brought up in or by being brought up in an environment that emphasises the behaviour of the opposite sex (Watney 1994). Since gender is determined by the roles that a society assigns to each sex, ones gender can change depending on the culture one finds him or herself in at a particular time. Roles assigned to the sexes by different cultures differs and are interchanged whereby roles assigned to women in one culture may be assigned to men in another culture. In this way a male in one culture may be seen to be feminine in another thus changing a male into a female or vice versa. Another way that one can change ones gender is by rearing a girl in a male environment. The girl tends to adopt the masculine behaviours exhibited by her male counter parts as has been witnessed by the women who venture into fields assumed to be the male domain. This is in politics and business where women who succeed in these environments are seen to be more masculine than feminine thus changing their gender to becoming more male than female (Miller, Lewy Peckham1997). In conclusion, it is correct to say that an individual’s gender is not only determined by his or her sex but also by the culture that they have grown in. the roles that a culture assigns to an individual are used to determine femininity and masculinity of members of the society. It is possible for ones gender to be changed depending on which community one is in. Roles assigned depending on an individuals sex change according to the society. Furthermore, the environment one is in influences the behaviour one has thus influencing the gender that one belongs to. Reference 1. Askew J. Davey M. 2005, Sex Acts: Practices of Femininity and Masculinity, Archives of Sexual Behaviour Vol. 34, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks 2. Gender, World health organization retrieved on 13th April 2009 from http://www. who. int/topics/gender/en 3. Miller J. B. , Lewy J. Peckham E. 1997, Context Effects on Self-Perceptions of Feminine and Masculine Quantities, Sex: A Journal of Research Vol. 37 4. Morrow F. 1991, Unleashing Our Unknown Selves: An Inquiry into the Future of Femininity and Masculinity, Praeger Publishers 5. Watney S. 1994, Aphrodite of the Future, Artforum International Vol. 32

Problem of Inalienable Rights for the Will Theory

Problem of Inalienable Rights for the Will Theory How problematic is the idea of inalienable rights for the will theory? The natural law or the law of nature is that nature determines the law system, so it is universal. This is the law that exists independently of the rules laid down by a political, social, or national order. This is a term that has recently been used in the philosophy used in jurisprudence. Aristotle first mentioned the theory of the law of nature. He argues that nature has laws, legislation, and justice in place and that human beings are best set to draft the legislation of morality. Although he thinks that a perfect political society may not need the law, if laws are needed, then natural law is the best law. In this essay, I will go through the idea of natural rights that explain why it is inalienable. Later on, why inalienable rights can be considered a sight of freedom. Natural Rights are rights that arise from the natural nature of human beings since the birth of a person and have grown up without anyone, including the state or society, having the right to prevent or deprive. These are the right to live for a life-long life; the right to eat, drink, wear, the right to the pursuit of happiness, the right to marry, the right to liberty, Detecting and fighting to identify and protect human nature is an evolutionary leap forward in consciousness. Naturalism is a doctrine that has a natural law that governs human relations when people exist in a natural state. According to this doctrine, the law, as well as the state created by individuals together, have a social agreement that makes. Indeed, natural law, to date, exists only as a hypothesis, in conception, the doctrine of the thinker. The concept of the natural law of thinkers always takes the natural state as a starting point, from human nature in general, from human nature. In philosophy, especially in Anglo-American law traditions, the principle of natural law is implied or explicitly mentioned only in documents such as the Magna Carta and the United States Declaration of Independence. The rights referred to explicitly or implicitly in the above documents are the inherent properties of the human person. For example, quoted from the American Declaration of Independence (US 1776): We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that their Creator endows them with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness stating that this right is the inherent good of the human person . Hillel Steiner (2013) argues that there are rights granted to a person, which is defined in the constitution of a country, and that it cannot be altered or transferred to anyone else in any way. For while those bearers can forfeit those rights by engaging in some act of serious wrongdoing, what they lack the authority just to extinguish other persons obligations and disabilities to respect those rights. Innocent bearers of inalienable rights are, necessarily, stuck with them (Steiner, Hillel 2013). But the question is whether those rights are for whom and what those rights are. The partial answer is found when Neil (1984) mentions the children rights, one of the fundamental rights that cannot be separated. But this is a complicated matter to determine as children are too young to recognize everything around them. Not only that parents is the one, who takes care of their children as an element of the society. Some of these teenagers and some of their children live happily and fulfilled lives. But far too many do not. Teenage mothers are less likely to finish their education, less likely to find a good job, and more liable to end up both as single parents and bringing up their children in poverty. The children themselves run a much greater risk of poor health and have a much higher chance of becoming teenage mothers themselves. Our failure to tackle this problem has cost the teenagers, their children and the country dear. (SEU, 1999, 4). The reason Duncan (2005) puts it here is t hat there is a lack of public concern for teenagers. While the pregnancy rate at this age is always high plus a high rate of abortions as well that are common at this stage. Meanwhile, young families also have the disadvantage that parents of children who are often unemployed, burdened with the responsibility of raising, educating the economy and the state subsidies. That shows a problem, although childrens rights mention that they were born to have the right to live and to be cared for. But it seems that the people who gave birth to them do not have the ability to do so. So such inalienable rights are in fact in the hands of their parents rather than in the constitution or the state. Citizenship is another right that stands for the idea of inalienable. As it is considered about the state, that is, only those who are new citizens have those rights, and that right is not granted to non-citizens, are excluded from the community. People of another country or living in another country. Citizenship may vary in different countries. This right includes not only the imposition of those authorizing the state but also the interests and burdens that the creators of the political community share and accept. Meanwhile, human rights are universally acknowledged in every nation and community. Morality is also a part of being talked about when it comes to natural rights that cannot be changed. Because it is a part of nature, from what is in the human being. But people can change for any one benefit. Therefore, it is a moral reason that the government pay particular attention to and bring into law to ensure the interests of all its citizens. Ethics are standards and principles recognized by public opinion, which regulate human behavior and relations with one another and with society, on ones party and with the political party and the political parties. Other levels . The concepts of right and wrong, conscience and honor, duties, and rights, responsibilities, happiness, justice are the categories of moral consciousness. Class ethics. Ethics occupy a dominant position, holding the place of social morality is the morality of the ruling class. Ethics will not be content if it is not mingled with politics and legislation. However, in society, there is class division, right cont ent level. Engel asserted that, together with all the moral doctrines that existed so far, they were products of the socio-economy of the time. And, just as society has so far developed in class opposition, ethics has always been the virtue of a particular class. In classed society, the dominant type propagates its ethical standards as universal principles and norms for the whole community to safeguard the political dominance of that class. Thus, the ethics of class society always contain political content and political service. In feudal, ethical, legal and political societies. In other words, there, politics has turned into moral codes. Therefore, ethics and policy rules become chains that bind laborers. It is also because morality is always associated with politics, so the advanced classes representing the rising trend of society, always have new and positive moral attitudes. History has shown that, as the bourgeoisie rises and takes on a leading role in society, against the declining feudalism, their moral views contain many following and positive aspects. By contrast, when the bourgeoisie was no longer representative of the continuous development of society, it became an old and politically reactionary class. It is because of the above characteristics, in society, there are class opposites, in addition to the morality of the ruling class, there is the morality of the people. The morality of citizens is progressive morality through the historical periods of human society. Ethical relations of the people are contradictory, conflict with the policies and policies of the ruling class, exploitation. In general, in a class-struggle society, there can be no consistency between the polit ical system and the morality of the people. Referring to a socialist society in which the most fundamental goal is to liberate people, to free up a society, to promote patriotism and respect for people, the real moral values of humanity. Opportunities and possibilities to be realized. In that society, the interests of the working class are consistent with the benefit of the community and the entire labor force. Although derived from the two approaches, both the traditional and modern school of natural law assert that the state must depend on norms based on nature and acknowledge where people are free to serve their interests and needs. However, natural rights in general, in addition to paying attention to the distinction between the state and the public sphere, underscore the responsibility that goes hand in hand with rights from both the state and the civil society. In other words, natural rights law treats the obligation of reciprocity between people as unconditional and at the sa me time emphasizes the dignity of the individual and the duty of the citizen. When studying the relationship between law and ethics, it is important to note that there should be no rigid distinction between them; For example, the difference is that the law is coercive and compulsive, and the moral is voluntary, self-conscious, coercive and coercive. Because, in fact, in some places, at times ethics and law both require self-discipline and coercion. The dominant classes in class-struggle societies are desperate and always look for ways to make the working masses believe and obey their laws, but they cannot do it. Due to the nature of exploitation and the law, there is always a sharp contradiction to the working class, whenever the ruling class is forced to resort to coercive measures to maintain its laws. As for morality, the feudal and bourgeois classes also used sophisticated coercive measures to compel the working population to obey through religion, school, through feudalism. Thus, the law of coercion by the power of all the State apparatus, but ethics has the force of pressure on public opinion. However, between law and ethics, there is a difference, there is relatively independent movement, although it is a class in class society. Law is a system of rules, principles expressed by laws, ordinances, decree , built by social life to orient and regulate the behavior of all members of society. Behind the legal system is the huge State apparatus along with other specialized agencies to ensure law enforcement. The development of human history shows that the law comes into being only when the appearance of private, class, and state occurs in society. Meanwhile, the moral life of society began as early as humanity entered its history and was initially manifested through first customs. Freedom and equality are co-existence. It is impossible for this person to have more freedom than another unless the other person is deprived of his or her freedom of choice. Freedom consists of many contents, in which, the most important are: human right to live and the pursuit of happiness, inviolability of the body; Freedom of thought and freedom of speech, freedom of access to truth. People of all ages, places and times all want and fight for freedom, which also manifests the inevitability of liberty. No one is free if he does not lose himself. However, since the time of human society, the concept of freedom is also influenced by social relations. Thousands of years, no matter what era, in any mode, freedom is always the top priority of human beings. Following after the death of hunger, people have first the need for freedom. Freedom is the greatest happiness. Freedom to bring joy. People find happiness in freedom. The secret of happiness is freedom. The secret of freedom is courage. In a slave society, people are almost entirely free; they have only the status of a tool, a means, like a buffalo horse, used by the owner to plow Serve, serve the boss. They can be beaten to death at any time, or sold as barter. That is, they have no freedom to live, no right to be human. After the slavery, the civilized society gradually, people began to have some freedoms, initially less, more and more, soon, the society gradually improved and more freedom. Feudal society is freer than slave society. Capitalist society is more liberal than feudal. The capitalist period is more liberal than early capitalism. Freedom, as we know it, is inevitable itself, and very broad, in all areas, where human activity is. But on the other hand, freedom is always limited! It is the limit not to infringe on the freedom of others, not to harm the community, to the nation, to social responsibility. Usually, concepts are defined by one other than it. Private freedom is not restricted to that but is constrained by itself. Freedom is limited by the freedom of others, that is, by itself, not by another. Not to harm the community, for the nation is in essence not intrusive of the freedom of others, the freedom of others also forms the second face, the inevitable Of freedom. In other words, liberty and inevitability are two sides of the same body that are inseparable, not contradictory and not mutually exclusive. Freedom to move from the inevitable Kingdom is Engels way of saying. Thus, freedom is indispensable, necessary freedom, vital democracy, important to guarantee freedom, inevitably by freedom (of others ), free and indispensable in parallel survival and development. However, do not take advantage of the second face is inevitable, on behalf of it to impede freedom. When a class (or corporation) ruled without progress, curtailing history, Marx calls them reactionary, often explains that freedom must be within the will of the authorities. The authorities allow wherever people are free to go. In essence, it is also sophistry. In a civilized country, society is governed by uniform laws, with the supreme rule of law, everyone must obey, no one, no organization is above the law. It is also the indispensable aspect of freedom. On the other hand, the rule of law must be a following, the rule of law by the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹civil rights, in which human freedom, in other words, personal freedom, and the right of the people. Citizens of the people are the nucleus of the core the core. Thus, following the rule of law is the rule of law that does not restrain freedom. French law is both an indispensable face of freedom, as well as a tool to defend freedom, liberate people, free people and develop. Although not every movement recognizes the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹human rights, the notion of the presence of human rights can not be deprived of humanity in the social life of the West. Philosophers and politicians talked about the right to life, liberty, and property. Later, society recognized civil rights and political rights (freedom of speech, freedom of belief, freedom of assembly, freedom of association) as well as social rights (labor rights, Rest, right to have to house ). The nineteenth century also added the right to participate in social management, democratic rights Although the rights of natural rights are still controversial, the spirit of natural rights and the perception of duties. People and civil rights have influenced not only the views of researchers on democracy but also on the way in which the model of organization of state power in practice has been shaped. Bibliography Alan Gewirth, Human Dignity as the Basis of Rights, in Meyer and Parent, eds., The Constitution of Rights (Ithaca, New York, 1992), pp. 10-28. Duncan, S. (2005). Whats the problem?. London: London South Bank University, Families Social Capital ESRC Research Group. Steiner, Hillel. Directed duties and inalienable rights. Ethics 123, no. 2 (2013): 230-244. MacCormick, N. (1986). Legal right and social democracy. 1st ed. Oxford [u.a.]: Clarendon Press. Downs, Robert B. 1983. Books That Changed the World. 2d ed. New York: Penguin.